题目

A company makes a single product. At the beginning of the budget year, the standard labour cost was established as $8 per unit, and each unit should take 0.5 hours to make.  

However, during the year, the standard labour cost was revised. A new quality control procedure was introduced to the production process, adding 20% to the expected time to complete a unit. In addition, due to severe financial difficulties facing the company, the workforce reluctantly agreed to reduce the rate of pay to $15 per hour. 

In the first month after revision of the standard cost, budgeted production was 15,000 units but only 14,000 units were actually produced. These took 8,700 hours of labour time, which cost $130,500. 

Required 

Calculate the labour planning and operational variances in as much detail as possible. 

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Chapter12Planningandoperationalvariances

Original standard cost = 0.5 hours × $16 per hour = $8 per unit 

Revised standard = 0.6 hours × $15 per hour = $9 per unit 

Planning and operational variances for labour are calculated in a similar way to planning and operational variances for materials. We need to look at planning and operational variances for labour rate and labour efficiency. 

Labour rate planning variance 

This is the difference between the original standard rate per hour and the revised standard rate per hour. 

                                                                                        $ per hour 

Original standard rate                                                       16 

Revised standard rate                                                       15 

Labour rate planning variance                                           1 (F) 

The planning variance for labour rate is favourable, because the revised hourly rate is lower than in the original standard. The variance is converted into a total monetary amount by multiplying the planning variance per hour by the actual number of hours worked. 

Labour rate planning variance = 8,700 hours × $1 (F) = $8,700 (F). 

Labour efficiency planning variance 

This is the difference between the original standard time per unit and the revised standard time, for the quantity of units produced. The efficiency planning variance is converted into a total monetary value by applying the original standard rate per hour, not the revised standard rate.  

                                                                                                                            Hours 

14,000 units of product should take: original standard (× 0.5)               7,000 

14,000 units of product should take: revised standard (× 0.6)                8,400 

Labour efficiency planning variance in hours                                             1,400 (A) 

Original standard rate per hour                                                                      $16 

Labour efficiency planning variance in $                                                 $22,400 (A) 

The planning variance is adverse because the revised standard is for a longer time per unit (so higher cost and lower profit). 

Labour rate operational variance 

This is calculated using the actual number of hours worked and paid for. 

                                                                                                                             $ 

8,700 hours should cost (revised standard $15)                               130,500 

They did cost                                                                                              130,500 

Labour rate operational variance                                                                       0 

In this example, the workforce was paid exactly the revised rate of pay per hour. 

Labour efficiency operational variance 

This variance is calculated by comparing the actual time to make the output units with the standard time in the revised standard. It is then converted into a monetary value by applying the original standard rate per hour.                                                      

                                                                                                                   Hours 

14,000 units of product should take (× 0.6 hours)                           8,400 

They did take                                                                                           8,700 

Labour efficiency (operational variance in hours)                               300 (A) 

Original standard rate per hour                                                              $16 

Labour efficiency (operational variance in $)                                  $4,800 (A) 

The variances may be summarised as follows.  

​​​​​​​

多做几道

Fill in the blanks. 

 Ideally, a transfer price should be set that enables the individual divisions to maximise their profits at a level of output that maximises ……………………. . 

 The transfer price which achieves this is unlikely to be a ……………….. transfer price or a ……………. transfer price.  

 If optimum decisions are to be taken, transfer prices should reflect …………………. . 

There are two profit centres, A and B. Profit centre A transfers a product to profit centre B, but could also sell the product in an external market at a price of $30. The marginal cost of making the product in profit centre A is $8 per unit and the full cost is $14 per unit. There would be a variable cost of $1 per unit for sales and distribution to customers in the external market, but no such costs for internal transfers. 

To avoid disputes between the profit centre managers, what should be the transfer price for the product? 

$ _______

What objectives might the following not for profit organisations have? 

(a) An army                                                (d) A political party 

(b) A local council                                     (e) A college 

(c) A charity 

One of the objectives of a local government body could be 'to provide adequate street lighting throughout the area'. 

(a) How could the 'adequacy' of street lighting be measured? 

(b) Assume that other objectives are to improve road safety in the area and to reduce crime. How much does 'adequate' street lighting contribute to each of these aims? 

(c) What is an excessive amount of money to pay for adequately lit streets, improved road safety and reduced crime? How much is too little? 

What general objectives of non profit seeking organisations are being described in each of the following? 

(a) Maximising what is offered 

(b) Satisfying the wants of staff and volunteers 

(c) Equivalent to profit maximisation 

(d) Matching capacity available 

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